diabetes mellitus type 1

Read and learn more about diabetes mellitus type 1. For more, visit the Diabetes website DiabetesFAQ.org

Q: How would you explain diabetes mellitus type 1 to an 8 year old?
Do you have any online resources, etc, that I could use?

A: Indigo! It is the most common form of diabetes in children: 90-95 per cent of under 16s with diabetes have this type.

It is caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin.

Type 1 diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease, meaning a condition in which the body’s immune system ‘attacks’ one of the body’s own tissues or organs.

In Type 1 diabetes it’s the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas that are destroyed.

the cause of childhood diabetes is not understood. It probably involves a combination of genes and environmental triggers.

The majority of children who develop Type 1 don’t have a family history of diabetes.

The main symptoms are the same as in adults. They tend to come on over a few weeks:

thirst

weight loss

tiredness

frequent urination.

Symptoms that are more typical for children include:

tummy pains

headaches

behaviour problems.

The specialised nature of managing childhood diabetes means that most children are cared for by the hospital rather than by their GP.

Most children with diabetes need insulin treatment. If this is the case, your child will need an individual insulin routine, which will be planned with the diabetes team.

Most now use frequent daily dosage regimes of fast-acting insulin during the day and slow-acting insulin at night.

Very small children normally don’t need an injection at night, but will need one as they grow older.

Increasing numbers of older children use continuous insulin pumps.

Often in the first year after diagnosis, your child may need only a small dose of insulin. This is referred to as ‘the honeymoon period’.

As well as insulin treatment, good glucose control and avoidance of ‘hypos’ (low blood glucose attacks) is important. This is because many of the complications of diabetes increase with the length of time diabetes has been present.

For more info visit

http://www.reddiabetes.com

Q: what are the normal blood glucose levels for a person with diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2?
normal blood glucose levels for an average perso n is approximately 90mg/100ml. can anyone tell me the BGL for a person with diabetes mellitus?

A: There are various methods to determine blood glucose level. Some tests give you accurate diagnosis of diabetes or pre-diabetes, while others will tell you how well you are managing your diabetes.

Fasting Blood Sugar Test:
Measures the blood sugar level after 8 hours fast or overnight. Normal fasting blood glucose level is less than 100mg/dl. If your fasting blood glucose level is from 100mg/dl to 125mg/dl then you will have impaired blood glucose level also known as Pre-Diabetes. If your blood glucose level is above 125mg/dl then your doctor will diagnose as a patient of diabetes. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor may repeat the fasting blood glucose test on any other day. If you have blood glucose level of 126mg/dl or higher in two consecutive tests, then you may have diabetes. If you have blood glucose level greater than 200mg/dl and you have symptoms of diabetes like increased thirst or hunger, frequent urination, weight loss, blurred vision etc, then you may be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus without confirming it with second test.

Random Blood Glucose Test:
Random blood Glucose test gives your blood sugar at any time in a day. Normal random blood sugar level should be less than 200mg/dl. If your random blood glucose level is between 140mg/dl to 200mg/dl then you will have pre-diabetes.

Oral glucose tolerance test
This test measures your response to sugar. First we measure fasting blood glucose level, and then glucose solution is given, after that we measure blood glucose after 1 hour and 2hours. A normal blood glucose level after an oral glucose tolerance test is less than 140 mg/dL. Level between 140 mg/dL to 199 mg/dL suggests pre-diabetes. A blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher two hours after you drink the glucose solution may suggest that you have diabetes mellitus.

Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test
This test is not for diagnosing diabetes, but it shows you how well you have controlled your sugar in last 2 or 3 months. Normal value is less than 7%, however if it is more than 7 then you and your doctor should think of changing your treatment of diabetes.

Always Remember, your blood glucose measurement alone is not enough to differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Your doctor may do some other tests to find out which type of diabetes you have.

That it , there the same.

Q: What complications or disease can arise from Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, child onset?
and how does diabetes cause these complications or diseases?

A: kidney problems,blindness,poor circulation,poor wound healing,amputation of legs, arms,feet and heart problems.

Q: Diabetes Mellitus type 1 ( IDDM)?
what is the age of the oldest person that you know of that has/had Diabetes type 1?
what complications (if any) did they suffer from?
did the complications cause their death, if they have already died?

A: There are some interesting findings on how chocolate can help with diabetes, type 1 & 2.
RAW chocolate helps with inflammation of the cells. Through clinical trials they determined that the cells became more receptive to insulin (type 2) and that the beta cells(in the pancreas?) began to secrete some insulin again (type 1).
Chocolate is amazing in it’s raw natural form. The commercial candy companies took a perfect product and messed it all up.
It must be raw (uncooked). Heating it kills most of the beneficial nutrients.
This chocolate is raw, it is not bitter. It is wonderful.
My niece has type 1 and has added this to her diet.
I firmly believe that our bodies naturally crave to be balanced and healthy. We need to find the right things to help with that process.

Also, Yes, this chocolate is recommended for diabetics.
No refined sugar, no caffeine, no preservatives, no waxes or fats added.
They combine the two most powerful antioxidant foods on the earth, cocoa and acai berry.

Take a look at these two sites.

www.mydrchocolate.com
www.eatwellchocolates.com

email me if you would like to talk more.

Q: what is the different of treatment between diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2?
pharmacology and non-pharmacology… thanks…

A: Diabetes 1 your body produces no insulin and you must take insulin to keep your blood sugar under control (diet, excercise and oral hypoglycemics will sometimes be given to help control sugars).

Diabetes 2 your body does not produce enough insulin so treatment is aimed at helping your body control sugar … start by controlling diet, then add oral hypoglycemics (metformin, glyburide, avandia etc…) and insulin only if necessary.

HbAic test to see wether treatment is helping with longterm sugar control.

Hope this helps,

C

Q: How does type 1 diabetes mellitus differ from type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A: Gary B said it nicely, but I would like to add and correct a few things:

Type 1. The pancreas is working just fine for a diabetic (for the most part) and only the Beta cells are destroyed by ones own immune system. That can be from various causes (I for example got that as a chickenpox complication). The risk for immediate death isn’t all that high and you will 100% notice the increase of BG levels in time to act on it due to excessive thirst and urination followed by puking, headache and sweating.

Type 2 makes insulin like normal, but it’s either not enough for fat or the organism becomes somewhat resistant to insulin and cannot use it effectively on it’s own. That is treated by medicine that boosts the organisms insulin intake. You can get it from obesity and lack of exercise or sometimes in old age. This can also evolve into a insulin dependant type 2 diabetes.

Q: what is the defect in the disease, diabetes mellitus Type 1?
does anyone know? ty

A: The defect in Type 1 Diabetes is that your pancreas produces either very very little insulin or no insulin at all. You need insulin to control your blood glucose (sugar) levels. This is vital to living. Type 1 Diabetes is also sometimes called childhood diabetes because it is often diagnosed early in life because you are either born with it or it develops very early on. It is not to be confused with Type 2 Diabetes, which often develops later in life, and is often developed as a result of poor health and eating habits and other things such as being overweight or clinically obese. Type 2 diabetes can be controlled sometimes with diet and exercise, or with pills. Doesnt necessarily need a shot and not all Type 2 diabetics need to take insulin. Type 1 diabetics MUST take insulin to live. They most likely have to take it in the form of a shot, sometimes once a day but alot of the times it’s multiple times a day. They must monitor their diet and health very closely. They often develop problems associated with the disease (i.e. problems with eyesight and blindness, renal insufficiency/failure, foot problems that can lead to the amputation of lower extremities) if it is not controlled carefully. Hope this helps you out.

Q: Explain why patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 lose weight?

A: Weight gain or loss. Because your body is trying to compensate for lost fluids and sugar, you may eat more than usual and gain weight. But the opposite also can occur. You may eat more than normal, but still lose weight because your muscle tissues don’t get enough glucose to generate growth and energy. This is especially true if you have type 1 diabetes, in which very little sugar gets into your cells. In fact, most people with type 1 diabetes are at or below their normal weight.

u can also go to this website to learn more of type 1 diabetes mellitus

http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/endo/brochures/diabetes_type1.pdf

Q: Diabetes mellitus type 1 is marked by low insulin levels. In the liver, low insulin levels lead to increased?
glucose due to the lack of conversion into glycogen. In fat and muscle cells, low insulin levels lead to increased glucose levels due to the lack of glucose transporters on the cell surface. Which of the following scenarios provides the best explanation for this?

a) Insulin uses different receptors to elicit different responses in liver as compared to muscle/fat cells
b) The insulin pathway that activates glucose transporters in muscle/fat cells deactivates glycogen biosynthesis in the liver
c) Muscle/fat cells and liver cells have different transducers and responders available to be utilized by the insulin pathway.
d) GLUT4 is only found in liver cells
e) Liver cells use G-protein coupled receptors while muscle/fat cells use tyrosine kinase receptors

A: In the absence of insulin, glucose remains in the blood and causes hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). The liver is unable to metabolize the glucose and turns on the pathways for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. These pathways then produce additional glucose from glycogen, amino acids and glycerol.

So in a nutshell the answer to your question is B.

Q: If Type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on external insulin for control, what did they do before insulin discovered?
did people just die???

A: Check out diabetes history on line.
It is very interesting.
Prior to the 1920s, kids with diabetes could only eat veggies boiled and rinsed 3X.
They usually starved to death.

I have a first addition book on diabetes by Dr. Joslin who clearly states that medication is of no help in controlling diabetes.

Q: Discuss the patient’s diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. How would you diagnosis a child with this?
Case Study #1: Diabetes

Hannah is a 10-year-old girl who has recently been diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. She is a 4th grade student at Hendricks Elementary School. Prior to her diagnosis, Hannah was very involved in sports and played on the girls volleyball team. Her mother is concerned about how the diagnosis will affect Hannah.

1. Discuss the patient’s diagnosis. Include a definition of the actual disease or condition.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus once known as “juvenile onset” diabetes or “insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,” is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas or faulty use of insulin by the cells. Insulin is a hormone needed to convert sugar (glucose) into energy. Although type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it typically appears during childhood or adolescence.

2. Identify the factors which could have caused or lead to the particular disease or condition.

3. Describe the signs and symptoms which are associated with the disease or condition.

4. Discuss the diagnostic testing that is usually performed in order to formally diagnose the particular disease or condition.

5. Identify the appropriate treatment (including therapies, medications, etc) which the patient may be prescribed for his/her particular diagnosis.

6. Discuss potential barriers to therapy which the patient may experience due to their unique situation.

7. Discuss alternative treatments which may also benefit the patient.

8. Describe the typical prognosis for a patient with the disease or condition.

9. Identify patient teaching which would benefit the patient in your case study.

I have to do a paper for school and looking for a good website to answer these question.

A: WWW.diabetes.org is the official website for the American Diabetes Assoc.

Q: Type 1 diabetes mellitus _____.?
a. is the most common form of the disease; more than 90% of all diabetics have type 1 diabetes
b. is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas
c. is a common disorder in overweight individuals older than 40
d. can be controlled for many years with exercise and a proper diet
e. is treated by improving insulin receptor efficiency rather than by giving insulin

A: Type 1 is an autoimmune disease. The other answers refer to type 2 DM.
m

Q: which hormone is deficient in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients?

A: Insulin. In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the cells of the pancreas produce little or no insulin to regulate blood glucose level appropriately. It can occur at any age, but usually starts in people younger than 30. It also has a strong genetic link.

Q: The treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus may include..?
A frequent ingestion of candy.

B glycogen injections.

C administration of digestive enzymes.

D pancreatic islet transplantation.

E liver transplantation.

A: B and D…
You might need glycogen injections if you get too much insulin and the blood sugar gets too low. There is such a thing as pancreas transplant and that would include islet cells.

Q: renal biopsy d/t diabetes type 1 mcq?
A 30-year-old woman has had type 1 diabetes mellitus for 15 years. She develops proteinuria and acute renal failure. Which of the following would a renal biopsy most likely show?
A. Fusion of podocyte foot processes in otherwise normal-appearing glomeruli
B. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
C. Linear IgG deposits along the basement membrane
D. Ovoid hyaline masses in the periphery of the glomerulus
E. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, electron-dense deposits distributed along the epithelial side of the capillary basement membrane

i believe it’s e, b/c diabetics tend to form schiff base sugars that attach to proteins .
i don’t seem to think that this is a bad section for a problem….i know plenty of med students who use this…as there are docs, phds, and smart ppl (like myself) who want to study for step 1 but am only in my first semester…some of the questions i don’t know since i haven’t yet taken patho..BIG SHOCKER I KNOW. calm down and if you don’t know the answer, don’t answer.

A: A!

I bet you use Wikipeda too!

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